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- $Unique_ID{BRK03529}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Blepharophimosis, Ptosis, Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome}
- $Subject{Blepharophimosis Ptosis Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome BPES
- Blepharophimosis Epicanthus Inversus Ptosis Blepharophimosis Epicanthus
- Inversus Ptosis Syndrome BPES Type I BPES Type II Waardenburg Syndrome}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1993 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 944:
- Blepharophimosis, Ptosis, Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Blepharophimosis,
- Ptosis, and Epicanthus Inversus (BPES)) is not the name you expected. Please
- check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate name and disorder
- subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- BPES
- Blepharophimosis, Epicanthus Inversus, and Ptosis
- Blepharophimosis, Epicanthus Inversus, and Ptosis Syndrome
-
- Disorder Subdivisions:
-
- BPES Type I
- BPES Type II
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Waardenburg Syndrome
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Blepharophimosis, Ptosis, Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome (BPES) is a rare
- disorder that is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The main findings
- of this disorder are eyelids that are abnormally narrow horizontally
- (blepharophimosis), a vertical fold of skin from the lower eyelid up either
- side of the nose (epicanthus inversus), and drooping of the upper eyelids
- (ptosis). There are thought to be two types of the syndrome. Type I BPES
- involves female infertility, is inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic
- trait, and is transmitted by affected males to their offspring. Type II BPES
- is also transmitted as an autosomal dominant genetic trait. Males and
- females can transmit the disorder to their offspring, but it is not
- associated with female infertility.
-
- Symptoms
-
- The major symptoms of Blepharophimosis, Ptosis, Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome
- (BPES) are eyelids that are abnormally narrow horizontally
- (blepharophimosis), drooping of the upper eyelid (ptosis), a vertical fold of
- skin from the lower eyelid up each side of the nose (epicanthus inversus) as
- well as absence of the eyelid fold. Other findings include: widely spaced
- eyes (telecanthus), a low bridge of the nose, incomplete development or
- cupping of the external ears, and more rarely abnormally small eyes
- (microphthalmos), a high arched palate, displaced tear ducts and infertility
- in females.
-
- Two types of BPES have been identified. Type I BPES is inherited as an
- autosomal dominant trait and is transmitted by males only. Premature ovarian
- failure, the cause of which is unknown, prevents females from reproducing.
-
- Type II BPES is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, but is not
- associated with female infertility.
-
- Causes
-
- Blepharophimosis, Ptosis, Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome (BPES) may occur for
- no apparent reason (sporadically), may be the result of a change in genetic
- material that occurs for no apparent reason (new mutation), or may be
- inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic trait.
-
- Type I BPES is inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic trait and is
- transmitted by males only since affected females cannot reproduce. Type II
- BPES is inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic trait and may be
- transmitted by males or females as there is no infertility in affected women.
-
- Recent findings suggest that the defective gene may be found on the long
- arm (q) of chromosome 3.
-
- Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of
- the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the
- mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene (received
- from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating" the other
- normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The risk of
- transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty percent
- for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Blepharophimosis, Ptosis, Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome affects males slightly
- more often than females. There have been over forty cases of this disorder
- reported in the medical literature.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of
- Blepharophimosis, Ptosis, Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome. Comparisons may be
- useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Waardenburg Syndrome is a rare disorder inherited as an autosomal
- dominant genetic trait. This disorder is characterized by facial
- abnormalities that may include: displacement of the inner folds of the
- eyelids and/or tear ducts, a prominent nose, and often abnormal pigmentation
- of the iris of the eye. Other abnormalities that may occur are: abnormal
- pigmentation of the skin, and/or hair and deafness. (For more information on
- this disorder, choose "Waardenburg Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare
- Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Eye surgery may be performed to reduce the epicanthus inversus,
- blepharophimosis and ptosis.
-
- Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
- Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National
- Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is
- aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes
- malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and
- treatment of genetic disorders in the future.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- June 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Blepharophimosis, Ptosis, Epicanthus, Inversus
- Syndrome, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5133
-
- National Craniofacial Foundation
- 3100 Carlisle St., Suite 215
- Dallas, TX 75204
- (800) 535-3643
-
- FACES
- National Association for the Craniofacially Handicapped
- P.O. Box 11082
- Chattanooga, TN 37401
- (615) 266-1632
-
- Society for the Rehabilitation of the Facially Disfigured, Inc.
- 550 First Ave.
- New York, NY 10016
- (212) 340-5400
-
- About Face
- 99 Crowns Lane
- Toronto, Ontario M5R 3PA
- Canada
- (416) 944-3223
-
- For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor: Johns
- Hopkins University Press, 1990. P. 147.
-
- BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief;
- Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 228-9.
-
- CLINICAL OPHTHALMOLOGY, 2nd Ed.; Jack J. Kanski, Editor; Butterworth-
- Heinemann, 1990. P. 15.
-
- THE BLEPHAROPHIMOSIS, PTOSIS, AND EPICANTHUS INVERSUS SYNDROME:
- DELINEATION OF TWO TYPES: J. Zlotogora et al.; Am J Hum Genet (September,
- 1983, issue 35(5)). Pp. 1020-7.
-
- PARENTAL AGE IN BLEPHAROPHIMOSIS, PTOSIS, EPICANTHUS INVERSUS,
- TELECANTHUS COMPLEX: W.H. Finley et al., Am J Med Genet (August, 1990, issue
- 36(4)). Pp. 414-7.
-
- ADDITIONAL FINDINGS IN THE SYNDROME OF BLEPHAROPTOSIS, BLEPHAROPHIMOSIS,
- EPICANTHUS INVERSUS, AND TELECANTHUS: R. Kohn, J Pediatr Ophthalmol
- Strabismus (May-June, 1983, issue 20(3)). Pp. 98-100.
-
-